Legal recognition of electronic signatures

Statute

Electronic Transactions Act B.E. 2544 (2001), as amended by B.E. 2562 (2019)

Section 9 establishes general validity of electronic signatures. Section 26 sets the higher bar of a Reliable Electronic Signature.

Tiers recognised

• General Electronic Signature (Section 9)

  We provide

  Any data attached to or logically associated with a message, used to identify the signer and indicate approval of its content.

• Reliable Electronic Signature (Section 26)

  We provide

  Signature creation data uniquely linked to the signer, under their sole control, with any post-signing alteration detectable.

• Digital Signature with Certificate (Section 28)

  Not offered

  Signature backed by a certificate issued by a Thai-licensed Certification Authority — typically used by government agencies and regulated industries.

What we provide

We deliver the Section 9 General Electronic Signature out of the box. For Section 26 (Reliable) we satisfy uniqueness via per-user accounts and one-time email tokens, sole-control via authenticated device + selfie + GPS at the moment of signing, and tamper-detection via SHA-256 hashing and an append-only AuditLog. The signed PDF is sealed by pdf-lib and any post-execution byte change invalidates the public verify URL.

What we do not provide

We do not currently issue Section 28 Digital Signatures backed by a Thai-licensed CA. For agreements that legally require a CA-issued certificate (e.g. some government procurement), use a separately certified service.

Statute

Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (revised 2021), Cap. 88

Part 3 confirms that contracts shall not be denied legal effect solely because they are in electronic form. Part 4 introduces the Secure Electronic Signature, presumed reliable.

Tiers recognised

• Electronic Signature

  We provide

  Any electronic method used to identify a person and indicate intent — broadly enforceable for ordinary commercial contracts.

• Secure Electronic Signature

  We provide

  An e-signature that, through a prescribed security procedure, is uniquely linked to the signer, capable of identifying them, created under their sole control, and tied to the document such that any change is detectable.

What we provide

We deliver the standard Electronic Signature for all ETA-eligible documents. We meet the Secure Electronic Signature criteria via authenticated session + email-bound recipient link + sole-control device evidence + SHA-256 document hash baked into the audit trail.

What we do not provide

We are not (yet) an IMDA-accredited Certification Authority and do not issue Singapore-government Sing-Pass digital signatures. The ETA First Schedule excludes wills, negotiable instruments, indentures, declarations of trust, powers of attorney for property, and contracts for sale or conveyance of immovable property — those still need wet-ink or specialised forms.

Statute

ESIGN Act 2000 (15 U.S.C. §§ 7001–7031) + UETA (adopted by 49 states, D.C., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands)

ESIGN at federal level + UETA at state level (New York instead has its own Electronic Signatures and Records Act). Both establish that a signature, contract, or record may not be denied legal effect solely because it is in electronic form.

Tiers recognised

• Electronic Signature

  We provide

  An electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a contract, executed by a person with the intent to sign.

• Digital Signature with PKI

  Not offered

  Higher-assurance signatures using public-key cryptography and a third-party certificate authority — common for federal agencies via FIPS 186 / NIST 800-63.

What we provide

We provide ESIGN- and UETA-compliant Electronic Signatures: clear consumer-disclosure flow, attribution via authenticated email link, intent via explicit click-to-sign + drawn signature image, association of the signature to the record via embedded signature stamp, and a retainable retrievable copy (the stamped PDF + Certificate of Completion).

What we do not provide

We do not issue PKI / X.509 digital signature certificates and we are not a NIST 800-63 IAL2/IAL3 identity proofer. ESIGN/UETA carve-outs (wills, codicils, testamentary trusts, family-law matters, court orders, Article 3 / 4 / 4A / 9 of the UCC, certain notices of cancellation) still require their statutory forms.

Statute

eIDAS Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 + Estonian Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Act (E-ITSETA)

eIDAS is directly applicable in all EU member states. It defines three tiers and bars discrimination against an electronic signature solely on the ground that it is electronic or non-qualified.

Tiers recognised

• Simple Electronic Signature (SES)

  We provide

  Data in electronic form attached to or logically associated with other data, used by the signer to sign.

• Advanced Electronic Signature (AdES)

  We provide

  Uniquely linked to the signer, capable of identifying them, created under their sole control, and linked to the data such that any change is detectable.

• Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)

  Not offered

  An AdES created by a Qualified Signature Creation Device, based on a qualified certificate from an EU-listed Qualified Trust Service Provider. Only QES is legally equivalent to a wet-ink signature across all member states. In Estonia: ID-card, Mobile-ID, Smart-ID.

What we provide

We provide SES for every signature, and meet the AdES bar through authenticated user accounts (sole-control), email-tied invitations (uniqueness), the embedded selfie + IP + lat/long (identification), and SHA-256 hashing + append-only AuditLog (tamper-detection).

What we do not provide

We are not a Qualified Trust Service Provider listed on the EU Trusted List, so we do not issue Qualified Electronic Signatures. For Estonian QES, signers should use ID-card, Mobile-ID or Smart-ID (state-issued) and we accept those as an external attestation alongside our evidence chain.

Statute

Information Technology Act 2000, as amended by the IT (Amendment) Act 2008, plus the IT (Use of electronic records and digital signatures) Rules

Section 3 covers Digital Signatures (asymmetric crypto + DSC). Section 3A, added in 2008, recognises Electronic Signatures more broadly under the Second Schedule.

Tiers recognised

• Electronic Signature (Section 3A)

  Not offered

  Any technique notified by the Central Government in the Second Schedule. Currently includes Aadhaar-based eSign and biometric / OTP-authenticated methods via licensed eSign Service Providers.

• Digital Signature Certificate (DSC, Section 3)

  Not offered

  Asymmetric-crypto signature using a private key on a USB token, issued by a CCA-licensed Certifying Authority (e.g. eMudhra, Sify, NSDL).

• Plain electronic acceptance (general contract law)

  We provide

  Under the Indian Contract Act 1872, electronic acceptance is generally enforceable for ordinary commercial contracts where the IT Act doesn't mandate a Schedule-1 carve-out form.

What we provide

We deliver enforceable electronic acceptance under general Indian contract law for most B2B and B2C agreements (MSAs, SOWs, NDAs, employment, vendor onboarding) — backed by our standard evidence chain. The audit trail meets Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act for admissibility of electronic records.

What we do not provide

We do not currently offer Aadhaar eSign, nor DSC USB-token signing. Documents that the IT Act First Schedule excludes — wills, trusts, powers of attorney, real-estate sale deeds, negotiable instruments — still need their statutory paper / DSC forms.

Statute

Electronic Communications Act 2000 + UK eIDAS Regulation (post-Brexit retained EU law, as amended) + Law Commission report on Electronic Execution of Documents (2019)

Section 7 ECA establishes admissibility of electronic signatures in legal proceedings. Post-Brexit, the EU eIDAS Regulation continues to apply as retained UK law.

Tiers recognised

• Simple Electronic Signature

  We provide

  Any electronic data attached to or logically associated with other electronic data and used by a signatory to sign.

• Advanced Electronic Signature

  We provide

  Uniquely linked to the signer, capable of identifying them, created under their sole control, with tamper detection.

• Qualified Electronic Signature

  Not offered

  AdES created with a qualified certificate from a UK Trust Service Provider on the UK Trusted List.

What we provide

We deliver Simple and Advanced Electronic Signatures. The Law Commission (2019) confirmed that an electronic signature is capable in law of executing a deed, provided witnessing requirements are observed where applicable. Our audit trail and verification page provide the evidence courts expect under the Civil Evidence Act 1995.

What we do not provide

We are not a UK-Trusted-List Qualified Trust Service Provider, so we do not issue Qualified Electronic Signatures. Wills, statutory declarations, and certain Land Registry transactions still require wet ink or specialised forms.

Statute

Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) + state mirror Acts (e.g. ETA NSW 2000, ETA Vic 2000)

Sections 8–10 establish that a transaction is not invalid because it took place by electronic communication, and set the conditions under which an e-signature meets a legal signature requirement.

Tiers recognised

• Electronic Signature meeting Section 10 ETA

  We provide

  A method used to identify the signer and indicate their intention; reliable as appropriate for the purpose; and consented to by the recipient (consent can be implied from conduct).

• Cryptographic / PKI signature

  Not offered

  Asymmetric-crypto digital signatures used for high-assurance contexts (e.g. some Commonwealth procurement or banking).

What we provide

We provide Section 10 Electronic Signatures with the identification, intention and reliability the Act requires. Recipient consent is captured explicitly in-product. The Corporations Act 2001 amendments (s.110A, made permanent in 2022) confirm that company documents, including deeds, may be signed electronically.

What we do not provide

We do not issue PKI digital signatures. Wills, powers of attorney, statutory declarations, and certain land-titles documents are excluded from the ETA and continue to require wet-ink or jurisdiction-specific forms.